Application of Transition-Metal Catalysis, Biocatalysis, and Flow Chemistry as State-of-the-Art Technologies in the Synthesis of LCZ696

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Gu, Xingxian, Zhao, Jibin, Chen, Like, Li, Yunzhong, Yu, Bo, Tian, Xiangguang, Min, Zhongcheng, Xu, Su, Gu, Huijuan, Sun, Junjie, Lu, Xiaoquan, Chang, Meng, Wang, Xufan, Zhao, Liqun, Ye, Shengqing, Yang, Hongwei, Tian, Yingtao, Gao, Feng, Gai, Yu, Jia, Guanghua, Wu, Jingjing, Wang, Yan, Zhang, Jianghua, Zhang, Xuesong, Liu, Weichun, Gu, Xin, Luo, Xi, Dong, Hai, Wang, Huaimin, Schenkel, Berthold, Venturoni, Francesco, Filipponi, Paolo, Guelat, Bertrand, Allmendinger, Thomas, Wietfeld, Bernhard, Hoehn, Pascale, Kovacic, Nikola, Hermann, Luca, Schlama, Thierry, Ruch, Thomas, Derrien, Nadine, Piechon, Philippe, Kleinbeck, Florian

LCZ696 is a novel treatment for patients suffering from heart failure that combines the two active pharmaceutical ingredients sacubitril and valsartan in a single chemical compound. While valsartan is an established drug substance, a new manufacturing process suitable for large-scale commercial...

Development and Scale-up of a Flow Chemistry Lithiation–Borylation Route to a Key Boronic Acid Starting Material

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Usutani, Hirotsugu, Nihei, Takashi, Papageorgiou, Charles D., Cork, David G.

A flow chemistry process for the synthesis of a key boronic acid starting material was developed utilizing flow flash chemistry that allowed formation and subsequent productive reaction of an unstable organolithium intermediate. Rapid scale-up from Discovery Chemistry and process optimization to...

Continuous Flow Chemistry of Metal Mediated Carboxylation and α-Arylation Reactions

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Venkatraman, Sripathy, Tweedie, Scott, McLaws, Mark, Lathbury, David

Utility of continuous flow chemistry in a carboxylation reaction and palladium-mediated α-arylation reaction is described. A two-step carboxylation reaction of an aryl group involving an anion formation, followed by quench with gaseous carbon dioxide was developed on small scale using HDPE tubes...

Synthesis of the Antibiotic Precursor Thiazolyl-7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid in a Microstructured Flow System

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Wirth, Vanessa, Volkmar, Julia, Bayer, Thomas

The synthesis of thiazolyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, a pharmaceutical precursor of the β-lactam antibiotic drug cefodizime, could be successfully realized in a continuous microstructured flow system. This was accomplished by changing the process window from batch, having a reaction temperature...

Optimization of aqueous two-phase systems for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid in integrated microfluidic reactors-separators

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Vobecká, Lucie, Romanov, Alexandr, Slouka, Zdeněk, Hasal, Pavel, Přibyl, Michal

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) were screened for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) catalyzed by penicillin acylase, followed by the extractive separation of 6-APA from the reaction mixture. The key point of this study was to find an ATPS exhibiting a large difference in the...

Safe and highly efficient adaptation of potentially explosive azide chemistry involved in the synthesis of Tamiflu using continuous-flow technology

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Sagandira, Cloudius R., Watts, Paul

Tamiflu is one of the most effective anti-influenza drugs, which is currently manufactured by Hoffmann-La Roche from shikimic acid. Owing to its importance, more than 60 synthetic routes have been developed to date, however, most of the synthetic routes utilise the potentially hazardous azide...

Continuous Flow Conditions for High Temperature Formation of a Benzodioxan Pharmaceutical Intermediate: Rapid Scaleup for Early Phase Material Delivery

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Li, Pengbin, Yang, Shaohui, Zhu, Ruiheng, Sun, Baoquan, Li, Zhongbo, Huang, Ping, Buser, Jonas Y., Minguez, Jose Miguel, Ryan, Sarah J.

We have developed a continuous flow method to enable rapid scaleup of an enantioenriched benzodioxan intermediate. We propose that the reaction proceeds through an intramolecular SNAr cyclization. Interestingly, traditional SNAr conditions resulted in impurity formation. When the starting...

Organophotocatalytic N-Demethylation of Oxycodone Using Molecular Oxygen

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Chen, Yuesu, Glotz, GabrielCantillo, David, Kappe, C. Oliver

N-Demethylation of oxycodone is one of the key steps in the synthesis of important opioid antagonists like naloxone or analgesics like nalbuphine. The reaction is typically carried out using stoichiometric amounts of toxic and corrosive reagents. Herein, we present a green and scalable...

One-Step Synthesis of 2-Fluoroadenine Using Hydrogen Fluoride Pyridine in a Continuous Flow Operation

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Salehi Marzijarani, Nastaran, Snead, David R., McMullen, Jonathan P., Lévesque, François, Weisel, Mark, Varsolona, Richard J., Lam, Yu-hong, Liu, Zhijian, Naber, John R.

We report the development of a one-pot synthesis of 2-fluoroadenine from an inexpensive 2,6-diaminopurine starting material using diazonium chemistry in a continuous fashion. Given the sensitivity of this transformation to temperature, we conducted critical experiments to study the exothermicity...

Development of a Commercial Flow Barbier Process for a Pharmaceutical Intermediate

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Braden, Timothy M., Johnson, Martin D., Kopach, Michael E., Groh, Jennifer McClary, Spencer, Richard D., Lewis, Jeffrey, Heller, Michael R., Schafer, John P., Adler, Jonathan J.

A flow Barbier process was developed to produce a key intermediate in the edivoxetine·HCl registered sequence. The control strategy was developed based on a critical understanding of integrated parameters and design space requirements for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process. In this...

A Continuous Process for Buchwald–Hartwig Amination at Micro-, Lab-, and Mesoscale Using a Novel Reactor Concept

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Falß, Sebastian, Tomaiuolo, Giovanna, Perazzo, Antonio, Hodgson, Paul, Yaseneva, Polina, Zakrzewski, Jacek, Guido, Stefano, Lapkin, Alexei, Woodward, Robert, Meadows, Rebecca E.

A continuous Buchwald–Hartwig reaction using the bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precatalyst [Pd(IPr*)(cin)Cl] 4 has been developed for the synthesis of a key pharmaceutical intermediate 2. Using microreactor technology, the reaction could be optimized under dilute conditions with low material...

Route Optimization and Synthesis of Taxadienone

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Krasutsky, Sergiy G., Jacobo, Sheila H., Tweedie, Scott R., Krishnamoorthy, Ravi, Filatov, Alexander S.

Early process development toward the scalable production of taxadienone on a decagram scale is described. A continuous flow reactor was employed to safely run a potentially hazardous cyclopropane ring opening. The route featured two copper-mediated additions, a Diels–Alder reaction and a...

Synthesis of a Highly Functionalized Quinazoline Organozinc toward KRAS G12C Inhibitor Divarasib (GDC-6036), Enabled through Continuous Flow Chemistry

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Kelly, Sean M., Lebl, René, Malig, Thomas C., Bass, Thomas M., Kummli, Dominique, Kaldre, Dainis, Orcel, Ugo, Tröndlin, Lars, Linder, David, Sedelmeier, Joerg, Bachmann, Stephan, Han, Chong, Zhang, Haiming, Gosselin, Francis

The development of a scalable continuous flow process to synthesize a densely functionalized quinazoline organozinc intermediate toward KRAS G12C inhibitor divarasib (GDC-6036) is reported herein. A traditional cryogenic batch metalation process was initially employed, but instability of the...

Fast Claisen condensation reaction optimization in a continuous flow reactor

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Michałek, Stanisław, Powała, Antoni, Gurba-Bryśkiewicz, Lidia, Piórkowska, Natalia, Olejkowska, Patrycja, Yamani, Abdellah, Ochal, Zbigniew, Dubiel, Krzysztof, Wieczorek, Maciej

In our previous study, we described the batch synthesis of CPL304110, an innovative pan-FGFR inhibitor. Herein, we transferred the Claisen condensation reaction, one of the synthesis steps to a continuous flow reactor. A simple solvent switch from ethanol to tetrahydrofuran shortened the original...

Optimization and sustainability assessment of a continuous flow Ru-catalyzed ester hydrogenation for an important precursor of a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist†

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Prieschl, Michael, García-Lacuna, Jorge, Munday, Rachel, Leslie, Kevin, O'Kearney-McMullan, Anne, Hone, Christopher A., Kappe, C. Oliver

The development of a ruthenium-catalyzed continuous flow ester hydrogenation using hydrogen (H2) gas is reported. The reaction was utilized for the reduction of an important precursor in the synthesis of abediterol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist that has undergone phase IIa clinical trials for the...

Axial Chirality in the Sotorasib Drug Substance, Part 2: Leveraging a High-Temperature Thermal Racemization to Recycle the Classical Resolution Waste Stream

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Beaver, Matthew G., Brown, Derek B., Campbell, Kiersten, Fang, Yuan-Qing, Ford, David D., Mardirossian, Narbe, Nagy, Kevin D., Rötheli, Andreas R., Sheeran, Jillian W., Telmesani, Reem, Parsons, Andrew T.

The development and kilogram-scale demonstration of a high-temperature continuous-flow racemization process to recycle the off-enantiomer of an atropisomeric sotorasib intermediate is described. Part 1 of this two-part series details the design and execution of a classical resolution to generate...

Scalable continuous flow hydrogenations using Pd/Al2O3-coated rectangular cross-section 3D-printed static mixers

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Lebl, René, Zhu, Yutong, Ng, Derrick, Hornung, Christian H., Cantillo, David, Kappe, C. Oliver

A novel type of catalytic static mixers with rectangular cross-section coated with Pd/Al2O3 has been developed. The catalytic mixers, produced by additive manufacturing and coated with the metal catalyst, have shown excellent catalytic performance for continuous flow hydrogenation of...

Catalytic Static Mixers for the Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of a Key Intermediate of Linezolid (Zyvox)

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Gardiner, James, Nguyen, Xuan, Genet, Charlotte, Horne, Mike D., Hornung, Christian H., Tsanaktsidis, John

Catalytic static mixers (CSMs) were used for the efficient preparation of a key intermediate of the antimicrobial drug linezolid (Zyvox). The approach combines 3D printing and additive manufacturing techniques with continuous flow processing to produce a general method for catalytic...

Flash Chemistry Approach to Organometallic C-Glycosylation for the Synthesis of Remdesivir

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Keutz, Timo von, Williams, Jason D., Kappe, C. Oliver

In a rapidly changing environment, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, continuous flow reactors bear the potential to increase the production of urgently needed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on demand. In the synthesis of remdesivir, the organometallic C-glycosylation step was...

Use of Lithium Diisopropylamide in Flow: Operability and Safety Challenges Encountered on a Multigram Scale

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Alonso, Marta, Garcia, Maria Cruz, McKay, Christopher, Thorp, Lee R., Webb, Michael, Edwards, Lee J.

A workflow for the development of organometallic processes in flow was applied to synthesize 1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol, a pharmaceutical intermediate. Key factors and corresponding practical assessments required for the scale-up when transferring from batch to flow are...

Development and Scale-Up of a Continuous Manufacturing Process for a Hydrazine Condensation Reaction

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Zhu, Ruiheng, Reddy, Ramesh, Ding, Man, Xu, Ming, Deng, Chaoyi, Tadayon, Sam, Li, Hui, Depew, Kristopher, Lane, Benjamin

The development of a continuous manufacturing process for a hydrazine condensation reaction at high temperature is reported. This continuous process represents a safer approach to manufacture 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine at scale and exhibits better impurity control compared to a traditional batch...

Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 4: Nitrogen Flow Criticality for Transfer Hydrogenation Control

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Marzijarani, Nastaran Salehi, Fine, Adam J., Dalby, Stephen M., Gangam, Rekha, Poudyal, Samiksha, Behre, Taylor, Ekkati, Anil R., Armstrong, Brittany M., Shultz, C. Scott, Dance, Zachary E. X., Stone, Kevin

A scalable and efficient synthesis of hydroxyindanone 3, a key intermediate for belzutifan (MK-6482), is described. Mechanistic studies revealed the sensitivity of the reduction reaction toward the CO2 byproduct. Special effort was required to design a scale-insensitive process for the removal of...

Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 2: A Continuous Flow Visible-Light-Induced Benzylic Bromination

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Bottecchia, Cecilia, Lévesque, François, McMullen, Jonathan P., Ji, Yining, Reibarkh, Mikhail, Peng, Feng, Tan, Lushi, Spencer, Glenn, Nappi, Jarod, Lehnherr, Dan, Narsimhan, Karthik, Wismer, Michael K., Chen, Like, Lin, Yipeng, Dalby, Stephen M.

We report the development and scale-up of a continuous flow photochemical benzylic bromination en route to belzutifan (MK-6482), a small molecule for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma associated with Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. Compared with the clinical supply route, the photochemical...

Development of a Continuous Flow Grignard Reaction to Manufacture a Key Intermediate of Ipatasertib

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Kaldre, Dainis, Stocker, Severin, Linder, David, Reymond, Helena, Schuster, Andreas, Lamerz, Jens, Hildbrand, Stefan, Püntener, Kurt, Berry, Malcolm, Sedelmeier, Jörg

This article outlines the development of a continuous flow process for the manufacture of a key intermediate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient ipatasertib for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple-negative metastatic breast cancer. The reaction sequence...

Synthesis of the Brivaracetam Employing Asymmetric Photocatalysis and Continuous Flow Conditions

25 Jun 2024 | Contributor(s): Franco, Marcelo S., Silva, Rodrigo C., Rosa, Gabriel H. S., Flores, Lara M., Oliveira, Kleber T. de, Assis, Francisco F. de

An original total synthesis of the antiepileptic drug brivaracetam (BRV) is reported. The key step in the synthesis consists of an enantioselective photochemical Giese addition, promoted by visible-light and the chiral bifunctional photocatalyst Δ-RhS. Continuous flow conditions were employed to...